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FDNY Lieutenant Jonathan Schechter is an EMS member accused of sexually molesting Jersey Shore star Angelina Pivarnick. The former TV personality is also an EMT and has worked in Staten Island.
He’s part of a high-profile case involving the City of New York and the EMS Department. According to various sources, the accused and some of his partners have been harassing women, including Angelina, at work for over 2 years.
Surname
FDNY Lt. Jonathan Schechter
Age
–
gender
Masculine
Height
–
nationality
American
profession
FDNY Lieutenant
net worth
$100,000 to $1 million
10 Facts About Jonathan Schechter
Jonathan Schechter hasn’t revealed his age, but various sources claim he’s in his 30s. .
The Lieutenant’s Wikipedia page does not exist, but in this article you will find all the facts you need to know about him. .
Jonathon isn’t a rich man, but sources believe he’s worth between $100,000 and $1 million. .
His salary was also not disclosed, but since he works for the government, Glassdoor estimates his salary to be between $68,474 and $81,931.
He has not revealed anything about his wife or family to the public media. He may be single as of 2020. .
The lieutenant has no social media accounts and is staying away from the limelight and the media, possibly because of his harassment lawsuit.
Speaking about his sexual misconduct case, he was accused of molesting one of his colleagues, former ‘Jersey Shore’ actress Angelina Pivarnick. .
After the case was made public in 2020, the city of New York agreed to pay the victim $350,000 in a settlement.
According to Angelina, he groped her when she was working in Rescue Battalion 23. She even sa he sent her inappropriate messages. .
Similarly, she has also sa that the harassment started more than 3 years ago in August 2017. .
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Who Is FDNY Lt. Jonathan Schechter? Everything To Know …
FDNY lieutenant Jonathan Schechter is an Emergency Services member who has been accused of … Everything To Know About His Age, Wikipedia and Net Worth.
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Who Is FDNY Lt. Jonathan Schechter? Everything To Know About His Age, Wikipedia and Net Worth. FDNY lieutenant Jonathan Schechter is an Emergency Services …
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Total FDNY Lt. Jonathan Schechter Net Worth in 2021 $1 Million – $5 Million (Approx.) FDNY Lt. Jonathan Schechter …
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Jackie Robinson – Wikipedia
Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in …
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Who Is FDNY Lt. Jonathan Schechter Wikipedia, Biography, Everything To Know About His Age, and Net Worth
FDNY Lt. Jonathan Schechter, an emergency services worker, has been charged with sexually harassing Jersey Coast star Angelina Bevanek. The former TV actor is also an EMT and has worked in Staten Island.
It was part of a famous lawsuit in New York City and the EMS department, which showed from various sources that several defendants and employees had been harassing women, including Angelina, at work for more than two years.
FDNY Lt. Jonathan Schechter Wiki
Name FDNY Lt. Jonathan Schechter Age – Gender Male Height – Nationality American Occupation FDNY Lieutenant Net worth $100,000 – $1 million
Jackie Robinson
American baseball player (1919–1972)
For others named Jackie Robinson, see Jackie Robinson (disambiguation)
baseball player
Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who was the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in modern times.[2] Robinson broke the baseball color line when he started at first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947. When the Dodgers signed Robinson, it heralded the end of the segregation in professional baseball that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s.[4] Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962.[5]
During his 10-year MLB career, Robinson won the inaugural Rookie of the Year Award in 1947, was an All-Star for six consecutive seasons from 1949-1954, and won the 1949 National League Most Valuable Player Award—the first black player so honored.[6 ][7] Robinson played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers’ 1955 World Series Championship.
In 1997, MLB retired its uniform number 42 across all major league teams. He was the first professional athlete in any sport to be so honored. MLB adopted a new annual tradition for the first time on April 15, 2004, “Jackie Robinson Day”, during which every player on every team wears the #42.
Robinson’s character, his use of nonviolence, and his talent challenged the traditional basis of segregation that then shaped many other aspects of American life. He influenced and contributed significantly to the culture of the civil rights movement.[8][9] Robinson was also MLB’s first black television analyst and the first black vice president of a major American corporation, Chock full o’Nuts. In the 1960s, he helped establish Freedom National Bank, an African-American owned financial institution based in Harlem, New York. After his death in 1972, Robinson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of his achievements on and off the field.
Early life
family and private life
Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919 to a sharecropper family in Cairo, Georgia. He was the youngest of five children born to Mallie (McGriff) and Jerry Robinson, after siblings Edgar, Frank, Matthew (nicknamed “Mack”) and Willa Mae. His middle name was in honor of former President Theodore Roosevelt, who died 25 days before Robinson was born. After Robinson’s father abandoned the family in 1920, they moved to Pasadena, California.[15][16][17]
The extended Robinson family settled on a residential lot with two small houses at 121 Pepper Street in Pasadena. Robinson’s mother worked various odd jobs to support the family.[18] Raised in relative poverty in an otherwise affluent community, Robinson and his minority friends were excluded from many recreational opportunities.[19] As a result, Robinson joined a neighborhood gang, but his friend Carl Anderson persuaded him to quit.
John Muir High School
In 1935, Robinson graduated from Washington Junior High School and enrolled at John Muir High School (Muir Tech). Robinson’s older brothers Mack (himself an accomplished athlete and silver medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics)[21] and Frank recognized his athletic talents and inspired Jackie to continue his interest in the sport.[23][24]
At Muir Tech, Robinson played and wrote in numerous varsity-level sports: football, basketball, track and field, and baseball. He played shortstop and catcher on the baseball team, quarterback on the football team, and guard on the basketball team. With the track and field team, he won prizes in the long jump. He was also a member of the tennis team.[25]
In 1936, Robinson won the juniors’ singles championship at the annual Pacific Coast Negro Tennis Tournament and earned a spot on the all-star team at the annual Pomona baseball tournament, which included future Hall of Famers Ted Williams and Bob Lemon. In late January 1937, the Pasadena Star-News newspaper reported that Robinson “has been the standout athlete at Muir for two years, with major roles in football, basketball, track, baseball, and tennis.”[27]
Pasadena Junior College
After Muir, Robinson attended Pasadena Junior College (PJC) where he continued his athletic career by competing in basketball, soccer, baseball, and track and field. He played quarterback and safety on the football team. He was a shortstop and leadoff hitter for the baseball team[17] and he broke an American junior college long jump record held by his brother Mack on May 7, 1938 with a jump of 25 ft. 6+1⁄2 in. with a jump of 25 feet 6+1⁄2 in.[29] As at Muir High School, most of Jackie’s teammates were white. While playing football at PJC, Robinson suffered a fractured ankle, the complications of which would eventually delay his deployment status in the military. In 1938 he was selected to the All-Southland Junior College Baseball Team and was named the region’s Most Valuable Player.
That year, Robinson was one of 10 students inducted into the school’s Order of the Mast and Dagger (Omicron Mu Delta), awarded to students who have “provided outstanding service to the school and recognized their academic and civic record deserved”.[33] Also while at PJC, he was elected to the Lancers, a student-run police organization responsible for patrolling various school activities.[34]
An incident at PJC illustrated Robinson’s impatience with authority figures he perceived as racist – a trait that surfaced throughout his life. On January 25, 1938, he was arrested after loudly denying that the police had arrested a black friend.[35] Robinson received a two-year suspended sentence, but the incident — along with other rumored clashes between Robinson and police — gave Robinson a reputation for being combative in the face of racial antagonism. While at PJC, he was encouraged by a preacher (Reverend Karl Downs) to attend church regularly, and Downs became a confidant of Robinson, a Christian.[37] Near the end of his tenure at PJC, Frank Robinson (whom Robinson felt closest to among his three brothers) was killed in a motorcycle accident. The event motivated Jackie to pursue his athletic career at nearby University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he was able to stay closer to Frank’s family.
UCLA and beyond
Robinson in the long jump for UCLA
After graduating from PJC in the spring of 1939, Robinson enrolled at UCLA, where he became the school’s first athlete to win college letters in four sports: baseball, basketball, soccer, and track.
He was one of four black players on the 1939 Bruins football team; the others were Woody Strode, Kenny Washington and Ray Bartlett. Washington, Strode and Robinson made up three of the team’s four backfielders. At a time when few black students played mainstream college football, this made UCLA college football’s most integrated team. They went undefeated with four draws in 6-0-4. Robinson finished the season with 12.2 yards per attempt on 42 carries, which as of 2022 is the high school football record for highest rushing yards per carry in a season ]
In track and field, Robinson won the 1940 NCAA championship in the long jump at 24 ft 10 + 1⁄4 in (7.58 m). Baseball was Robinson’s “worst sport” at UCLA; he hit .097 in his only season, despite going 4-for-4 and stealing home twice in his first game.
As a senior at UCLA, Robinson met his future wife, Rachel Isum (born 1922), a UCLA freshman who was familiar with Robinson’s athletic career at PJC. He played football as a senior but the 1940 Bruins only won one game. In the spring, despite his mother’s and Isum’s reservations, Robinson left college shortly before graduation.[51] He accepted a position as assistant athletic director at the government’s National Youth Administration (NYA) in Atascadero, California.
After the government shut down NYA operations, Robinson traveled to Honolulu in the fall of 1941 to play football for the semi-professional, racially integrated Honolulu Bears. After a short season, Robinson returned to California in December 1941 to pursue a career as a running back for the Los Angeles Bulldogs of the Pacific Coast Football League. By this time, however, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor had taken place, drawing the United States into World War II and ending Robinson’s burgeoning football career.
military career
In 1942, Robinson was drafted and assigned to a separate Army cavalry unit at Fort Riley, Kansas. With the necessary qualifications, Robinson and several other black soldiers applied for admission to an officer candidate school (OCS), then located at Fort Riley. Although the original July 1941 Army guidelines for OCS were designed to be racially neutral, few black applicants were admitted to OCS until later instructions from Army leadership. As a result, Robinson and his colleagues’ applications were delayed by several months.[59] After protests from heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis (then based at Fort Riley) and with the help of Truman Gibson (then civilian assistant to the Secretary of War)[60] the men were inducted into the OCS[52][59]. ][61] The experience led to a personal friendship between Robinson and Louis.[62][63] After the OCS ended, Robinson was promoted to lieutenant in January 1943.[41] Shortly thereafter, Robinson and Isum were officially engaged.[59]
Robinson, wearing his army uniform, receives a military salute from his nephew Frank during a visit to his home in Pasadena, California circa 1943.
After Robinson received his assignment, he was posted to Fort Hood, Texas, where he joined the 761st Tank Battalion “Black Panthers”. While at Fort Hood, Robinson often used his weekend leave to visit Rev. Karl Downs, president of Sam Huston College (now Huston-Tillotson University) in nearby Austin, Texas. In California, Downs had been Robinson’s pastor at Scott United Methodist Church while Robinson attended PJC.
An event on July 6, 1944 derailed Robinson’s military career.[65] While awaiting the results of hospital tests on the ankle he injured in junior college, Robinson boarded an Army bus with another officer’s wife. Although the Army had commissioned its own non-segregated bus route, the bus driver ordered Robinson to go to the back of the bus. Robinson declined. The driver backed away, but after reaching the end of the line, he summoned the military police, who took Robinson into custody.[66][69] When Robinson later confronted the investigating officer about racial questioning by the officer and his assistant, the officer recommended that Robinson be court-martialed.
After Robinson’s commander in the 761st, Paul L. Bates, refused to authorize the legal action, [71] Robinson was summarily transferred to the 758th Battalion, where the commander quickly agreed to charge Robinson with multiple offenses, including but not limited to public charges Drunkenness, although Robinson did not drink.[66][72]
By the time of the court-martial in August 1944, the charges against Robinson had been reduced during questioning to two counts of disobedience.[66] Robinson was acquitted by an all-white panel of nine officers.[66]
Although his earlier unit, the 761st Tank Battalion, was the first black tank unit to see combat in World War II, Robinson’s court-martial procedure barred him from deployment abroad. therefore he never saw combat action.[73]
After his acquittal, he was posted to Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky, where he served as Army Track and Field Coach until his honorable discharge in November 1944.[74] There, Robinson met a former player for the Negro American League’s Kansas City Monarchs, who encouraged Robinson to write to the Monarchs and ask for an audition. Taking the former player’s advice, Robinson wrote to Monarchs co-owner Thomas Baird.
postal military
After his release, Robinson briefly returned to his old football club, the Los Angeles Bulldogs.[55] Robinson then accepted an offer from his old friend and pastor Rev. Karl Downs to become athletic director at Samuel Huston College in Austin, then of the Southwestern Athletic Conference. The job involved coaching the school’s basketball team for the 1944-45 season. Because it was a fledgling program, few students tried for the basketball team, and Robinson even resorted to fitting into the roster for exhibition games. Although his teams were outperformed by opponents, Robinson was respected as a disciplinary coach,[64] drawing the admiration of Langston University basketball player Marques Haynes, a future member of the Harlem Globetrotters, among others.[79]
play career
Negro leagues and major league prospects
Robinson during his Negro league days with the Kansas City Monarchs
In early 1945, while Robinson was at Sam Huston College, the Kansas City Monarchs sent him a written offer to play professional baseball in the Negro leagues. Robinson accepted a contract for $400 a month.[52][81] Despite playing well for the Monarchs, Robinson was frustrated with the experience. He had become accustomed to a structured gaming environment in college, and the disorganization of Negro leagues and the takeover of gambling interests appalled him. The hectic travel schedule also put a strain on his relationship with Isum, with whom he can only communicate by letter.[84] Overall, Robinson played 47 games at shortstop for the Monarchs, hitting .387 with five home runs and registering 13 stolen bases. He also appeared in the 1945 East-West All-Star Game, going unsuccessfully in five at-bats.
During the season, Robinson pursued potential major league interests. No black man had played in the major leagues since Moses Fleetwood Walker in 1884, but the Boston Red Sox held a tryout for Robinson and other black players on April 16 at Fenway Park. The rehearsal, however, was a farce designed primarily to placate the desegregationist sensibilities of powerful Boston City Councilman Isadore H. Y. Muchnick.[89] Even when the estates were limited to management, Robinson was subjected to racial epithets. He left the tryout humiliated, and more than 14 years later, in July 1959, the Red Sox became the last major league team to integrate their roster.
However, other teams had more serious interest in signing a black ball player. In the mid-1940s, Branch Rickey, club president and general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, began scouring the Negro leagues for a possible addition to the Dodgers’ roster. Rickey selected Robinson from a list of promising black players and interviewed him for possible assignment to Brooklyn’s international league farm club, the Montreal Royals. Rickey was particularly keen to ensure that his eventual signee could withstand the inevitable racial abuse that would be directed at him. In a famous three-hour exchange on August 28, 1945,[94] Rickey asked Robinson if he could confront racist animus without taking the bait and reacting angrily—a concern given Robinson’s previous run-ins with law enforcement officials at the PJC and the military. [52] Robinson was horrified: “Are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back?”[93][95] Rickey replied that he needed a Negro player “who has enough courage not to fight back”.[ 93][95] Afterwards, Rickey received a pledge from Robinson to “turn the other cheek” to racial antagonism and agreed to sign him on a $600-a-month contract, which is $9,031 today. Rickey offered no compensation to the Monarchs, instead believing all Negro League players were free agents since the contracts had no reserve clause. Among those with whom Rickey discussed the prospects was Wendell Smith, a writer for the black weekly Pittsburgh Courier, who, according to Cleveland Indians owner and team president Bill Veeck, “influenced Rickey to take Jack Robinson, for which he was never fully credited.” . 99]
Although he urged Robinson to keep the agreement secret for the time being, Rickey committed to officially signing Robinson before November 1, 1945. On October 23, it was publicly announced that Robinson would be assigned to the Royals for the 1946 season. On the same day, with representatives from the Royals and Dodgers present, Robinson officially signed his contract with the Royals. In what was later dubbed “The Noble Experiment,” Robinson was the first black baseball player in the International League since the 1880s. He wasn’t exactly the best player in the Negro leagues,[105] and black talents Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson were upset when Robinson was first picked.[106] Larry Doby, who broke the color line in the American League the same year as Robinson, said, “One of the things that was disappointing and disheartening for a lot of black players at the time was that Jack wasn’t the best player, and Josh was the best.” Gibson. I think that’s one of the reasons Josh died so young – he was heartbroken.”[107]
Rickey’s offer allowed Robinson to leave the Monarchs and their arduous bus rides behind and he went home to Pasadena. That September, he signed with the Kansas City Royals from Chet Brewer, a postseason barnstorming team in the California Winter League. Later that off-season, he briefly toured South America with another barnstorming team while his fiancé, Isum, pursued nursing opportunities in New York City. On February 10, 1946, Robinson and Isum were married by their old friend, the Rev. Karl Downs.[52][110][111]
minor leagues
In 1946, Robinson came to Daytona Beach, Florida for spring training with the Montreal Royals of the Class AAA International League. Clay Hopper, the Royals’ manager, asked Rickey to reassign Robinson to another Dodger subsidiary, but Rickey refused.
Robinson with the Montreal Royals in July 1946, a year before he was drafted to the majors
Robinson’s presence was controversial in racially segregated Florida. He was not allowed to stay with his white teammates at the team hotel and instead stayed at the home of Joe and Dufferin Harris, a politically active African American couple who introduced the Robinsons to civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune ][115] Since the Dodgers organization did not have a spring training facility, [ 116], the scheduling was subject to the whims of local venues, some of which declined to host any event featuring Robinson or Johnny Wright, another black player Rickey signed to help organize the Dodgers in January. In Sanford, Florida, the police chief threatened to cancel games if Robinson and Wright did not stop training there; As a result, Robinson was sent back to Daytona Beach. In Jacksonville, the stadium was padlocked without warning on game day by order of the city’s director of parks and public property. In DeLand, a scheduled daytime game was postponed, allegedly because of problems with the stadium’s electric lights.
After much lobbying from local officials by Rickey himself, the Royals were allowed to host a game involving Robinson in Daytona Beach. Robinson made his Royals debut on March 17, 1946 at Daytona Beach’s City Island Ballpark in an exhibition game against the team’s parent club, the Dodgers. In doing so, Robinson became the first black player to play openly for a minor league team against a major league team since the de facto baseball color line had been introduced in the 1880s.
Robinson (with bats) is set in Montreal
Later in spring training, after some less than stellar performances, Robinson was moved from shortstop to second base, allowing him to make shorter pitches to first base. Robinson’s performance soon recovered. On April 18, 1946, Roosevelt Stadium hosted the Jersey City Giants’ season opener against the Montreal Royals in what was the professional debut of the Royals’ Jackie Robinson and the first time the color barrier was broken in a game between two minor league clubs was breached. [125] Opposing Robinson was Warren Sandel, who played against him when they both lived in California. During Robinson’s first bat, Jersey City catcher Dick Bouknight challenged Sandel to throw Robinson, but Sandel declined. Although Sandel caused Robinson to land on his first at bat, Robinson landed with four hits in his five trips to the plate; his first hit was a three-run home run in the third inning of the game. He also scored four runs, drove in three and stole two bases in the Royals’ 14-1 win. Robinson led the International League that season with a .349 batting average and .985 field odds, and was named the league’s Most Valuable Player. Although he often faced hostilities on road trips (the royals were forced to cancel an exhibition tour down South, for example),[72] Montreal’s fanbase was enthusiastically supportive of Robinson.[129][130] Whether the fans supported it or opposed it, Robinson’s presence on the field was a boon to attendance; More than a million people went to games involving Robinson in 1946, a staggering number by International League standards.[131] In the fall of 1946, after the baseball season, Robinson returned to California and briefly played professional basketball for the short-lived Los Angeles Red Devils.
Big Leagues
Breaking the Color Barrier (1947)
In 1947, the Dodgers called Robinson to the major leagues six days before the start of the season. With Eddie Stanky holed up at second baseman for the Dodgers, Robinson played his first major league season as a first baseman. Robinson made his debut in a Dodgers uniform wearing the number 42 on April 11, 1947 in a preseason exhibition game against the New York Yankees at Ebbets Field with a attendance of 24,237. On April 15, Robinson made his major league debut at the relatively advanced age of 28 at Ebbets Field in front of a crowd of 26,623, more than 14,000 of whom were black. Despite failing to hit a base hit, he walked and scored a run in the Dodgers’ 5-3 win. Robinson became the first player since 1884 to openly break the paint line in major league baseball. Black fans began flocking to see the Dodgers as they came to town, leaving their Negro League teams behind.
Robinson’s promotion received a generally positive, albeit mixed, reception from newspapers and white major league players. However, racial tensions existed in the Dodger clubhouse. Some Dodger players indicated they would rather sit out than play with Robinson. The brewing mutiny ended when Dodgers management stood up for Robinson. Manager Leo Durocher informed the team: “I don’t care if the guy is yellow or black or if he has stripes like a freaking zebra. I’m the manager of this team and I say he plays say he can make us all rich. And if any of you can’t use the money, I’ll make sure you’re all traded.”[139]
Robinson was also taunted by opposing teams. According to a press report, the St. Louis Cardinals threatened a strike if Robinson played and spread the strike throughout the National League.[141] The existence of the conspiracy was said to have been leaked by Cardinals team doctor Robert Hyland to a friend, Rutherford “Rud” Rennie of the New York Herald Tribune. The reporter, concerned about protecting Hyland’s anonymity and job, leaked it in turn to fellow Tribune editor Stanley Woodward, whose own later reporting with other sources protected Hyland. The Woodward article made national headlines. After the release, National League President Ford Frick and Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler let it be known that all striking players would be suspended. “You will find that the friends you think you have in the press box will not support you, that you will be an outcast,” Frick was quoted as saying. “I don’t care if half the league goes on strike. Those who do will face swift retribution. Everyone gets suspended, and I don’t care if it ruins the National League for five years. This is the United States of America and a citizen has as much playing rights as anyone.”[144][145][146][147] Woodward’s article received the 1947 E. P. Dutton Award for Best Sports Coverage.[144] The Cardinals Players denied they were planning a strike, and Woodward later told author Roger Kahn that Frick was his true source; writer Warren Corbett said that Frick’s speech “never happened.” Regardless, the report led to Robinson stepping up Received support from the sports media, even The Sporting News, a publication that had supported the color line, opposed the idea of a strike.[141]
Robinson nevertheless became the target of rough physical play from opponents (particularly the Cardinals). He once received a 7 inch gash in his leg from Eno’s Slaughter.[148] On April 22, 1947, during a game between the Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies, Phillies player and manager Ben Chapman called Robinson a “nigger” from their dugout and yelled for him to “get back to the cotton fields.” 150] Rickey later recalled that Chapman “did more than anyone to unite the Dodgers.
However, Robinson received significant encouragement from several major league players. Robinson named Lee “Jeep” Handley, then playing for the Phillies, as the first opposing player to wish him well. Dodger’s teammate Pee Wee Reese once came to Robinson’s defense with the famous line, “You can hate a man for many reasons. Robinson in response to fans who used racial slurs at Robinson before a game in Boston or Cincinnati.” A statue by sculptor William Behrends, unveiled at KeySpan Park on November 1, 2005, shows Reese with his arm around Robinson.[156] The Jewish baseball star Hank Greenberg, who had to deal with ethnic epithets during his career, also encouraged Robinson. After an incident in which Greenberg collided with Robinson at first base, he “whispered a few words in Robinson’s ear”, which Robinson later described as “words of encouragement”. Greenberg had advised him to overcome his critics by beating them in games.[157] Robinson also spoke frequently to Larry Doby, who had endured his own hardships since becoming the first black player in the American League with the Cleveland Indians , as the two spoke to each other over the phone throughout the season.
Robinson finished the season after playing in 151 games for the Dodgers with a .297 batting average, .383 on-base percentage and .427 slugging percentage. He had 175 hits (125 runs scored), including 31 doubles, 5 triples and 12 homers, and drove in 48 runs for the year. Robinson led the league in casualty hits with 28 and stolen bases with 29. His cumulative performance earned him the first Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award (separate National and American League Rookie of the Year honors were not presented until 1949).
MVP, Congressional Certificate and Biopic (1948–1950)
Following Stanky’s trade to the Boston Braves in March 1948, Robinson took over at second base, where he recorded a .980 fielding percentage that year (second in the National League at the position, just behind Stanky). Robinson had a .296 batting average and 22 stolen bases for the season. In a 12-7 win over the St. Louis Cardinals on August 29, 1948, he hit for the cycle – a home run, a triple, a double and a single in the same game.[163] The Dodgers briefly advanced to first place in the National League in late August 1948, but eventually finished third as the Braves won the league title and lost to the Cleveland Indians in the World Series.
Robinson in 1950
Racial pressures on Robinson eased in 1948 as a number of other black players entered the major leagues. Larry Doby (der am 5. Juli 1947, nur 11 Wochen nach Robinson, die Farbbarriere in der American League durchbrach) und Satchel Paige spielten für die Cleveland Indians, und die Dodgers hatten neben Robinson drei weitere schwarze Spieler. Im Februar 1948 unterzeichnete er mit den Dodgers einen Vertrag über 12.500 US-Dollar (entspricht heute 140.980 US-Dollar). Obwohl dies eine beträchtliche Menge war, war dies weniger als Robinson in der Nebensaison von einer Varieté-Tour verdient hatte, bei der er voreingestellte Baseball-Fragen und eine Vortragstour durch den Süden beantwortete. Zwischen den Touren wurde er am rechten Knöchel operiert. Aufgrund seiner Aktivitäten außerhalb der Saison meldete Robinson im Trainingslager 14 kg Übergewicht. Er verlor das Gewicht während des Trainingslagers, aber Diäten ließen ihn an der Platte schwach werden.[165] 1948 wurde Wendell Smiths Buch Jackie Robinson: My Own Story veröffentlicht.[166]
Im Frühjahr 1949 wandte sich Robinson an den Hall of Famer George Sisler, der als Berater der Dodgers arbeitete, um Hilfe beim Schlagen zu erhalten. Auf Vorschlag von Sisler verbrachte Robinson Stunden an einem schlagenden Tee und lernte, den Ball zum richtigen Feld zu schlagen. Sisler brachte Robinson bei, einen Fastball zu antizipieren, aufgrund der Theorie, dass es einfacher ist, sich anschließend an einen langsameren Curveball anzupassen. Robinson bemerkte auch, dass “Sisler mir gezeigt hat, wie ich mit dem Longieren aufhöre, wie ich meinen Schwung bis zum letzten Bruchteil einer Sekunde überprüfen kann”. Die Vormundschaft half Robinson, seinen Schlagdurchschnitt von 0,296 im Jahr 1948 auf 0,342 im Jahr 1949 zu erhöhen. Zusätzlich zu seinem verbesserten Schlagdurchschnitt stahl Robinson in dieser Saison 37 Basen, war der zweite Platz in der Liga sowohl für Doppel als auch für Dreier und registrierte 124 Läufe, die mit 122 erzielten Läufen eingeschlagen wurden. Für die Leistung erhielt Robinson den Most Valuable Player Award für die National League. Baseballfans wählten Robinson auch zum zweiten Basisspieler für das All-Star-Spiel von 1949 – das erste All-Star-Spiel mit schwarzen Spielern.
In diesem Jahr erreichte ein Lied über Robinson von Buddy Johnson, “Did You See Jackie Robinson Hit That Ball?”, Platz 13 in den Charts; Count Basie nahm eine berühmte Version auf.[170] Letztendlich gewannen die Dodgers den Wimpel der National League, verloren aber in fünf Spielen gegen die New York Yankees in der World Series 1949. [161]
Der Sommer 1949 brachte Robinson eine ungewollte Ablenkung. Im Juli wurde er vor den Ausschuss für unamerikanische Umtriebe (HUAC) des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten geladen, um Aussagen zu machen, die der schwarze Sportler und Schauspieler Paul Robeson im April gemacht hatte. Robinson was reluctant to testify, but he eventually agreed to do so, fearing it might negatively affect his career if he declined.[171]
In 1950, Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman with 133.[163] His salary that year was the highest any Dodger had been paid to that point: $35,000[172] ($394,198 in 2021 dollars[173]). He finished the year with 99 runs scored, a .328 batting average, and 12 stolen bases.[162] The year saw the release of a film biography of Robinson’s life, The Jackie Robinson Story, in which Robinson played himself,[174] and actress Ruby Dee played Rachel “Rae” (Isum) Robinson.[175] The project had been previously delayed when the film’s producers refused to accede to demands of two Hollywood studios that the movie include scenes of Robinson being tutored in baseball by a white man.[176] The New York Times wrote that Robinson, “doing that rare thing of playing himself in the picture’s leading role, displays a calm assurance and composure that might be envied by many a Hollywood star.”[177]
Robinson’s Hollywood exploits, however, did not sit well with Dodgers co-owner Walter O’Malley, who referred to Robinson as “Rickey’s prima donna”.[178] In late 1950, Rickey’s contract as the Dodgers’ team President expired. Weary of constant disagreements with O’Malley, and with no hope of being re-appointed as President of the Dodgers, Rickey cashed out his one-quarter financial interest in the team, leaving O’Malley in full control of the franchise.[179] Rickey shortly thereafter became general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates. Robinson was disappointed at the turn of events and wrote a sympathetic letter to Rickey, whom he considered a father figure, stating, “Regardless of what happens to me in the future, it all can be placed on what you have done and, believe me, I appreciate it.”[180][181][182]
Pennant races and outside interests (1951–1953)
Before the 1951 season, O’Malley reportedly offered Robinson the job of manager of the Montreal Royals, effective at the end of Robinson’s playing career. O’Malley was quoted in the Montreal Standard as saying, “Jackie told me that he would be both delighted and honored to tackle this managerial post”—although reports differed as to whether a position was ever formally offered.[183][184]
During the 1951 season, Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman for the second year in a row, with 137.[163] He also kept the Dodgers in contention for the 1951 pennant. During the last game of the regular season, in the 13th inning, he had a hit to tie the game and then hit a home run in the 14th inning, which proved to be the winning margin. This forced a best-of-three playoff series against the crosstown rival New York Giants.[185]
Jackie Robinson comic book, issue No. 5, 1951 comic book, issue No. 5, 1951
Despite Robinson’s regular-season heroics, on October 3, 1951, the Dodgers lost the pennant on Bobby Thomson’s famous home run, known as the Shot Heard ‘Round the World. Overcoming his dejection, Robinson dutifully observed Thomson’s feet to ensure he touched all the bases. Dodgers sportscaster Vin Scully later noted that the incident showed “how much of a competitor Robinson was.”[186] He finished the season with 106 runs scored, a batting average of .335, and 25 stolen bases.[162]
Robinson had what was an average year for him in 1952.[187] He finished the year with 104 runs, a .308 batting average, and 24 stolen bases.[162] He did, however, record a career-high on-base percentage of .436.[162] The Dodgers improved on their performance from the year before, winning the National League pennant before losing the 1952 World Series to the New York Yankees in seven games. That year, on the television show Youth Wants to Know, Robinson challenged the Yankees’ general manager, George Weiss, on the racial record of his team, which had yet to sign a black player.[188] Sportswriter Dick Young, whom Robinson had described as a “bigot”, said, “If there was one flaw in Jackie, it was the common one. He believed that everything unpleasant that happened to him happened because of his blackness.”[189] The 1952 season was the last year Robinson was an everyday starter at second base. Afterward, Robinson played variously at first, second, and third bases, shortstop, and in the outfield, with Jim Gilliam, another black player, taking over everyday second base duties.[162] Robinson’s interests began to shift toward the prospect of managing a major league team. He had hoped to gain experience by managing in the Puerto Rican Winter League, but according to the New York Post, Commissioner Happy Chandler denied the request.[190]
In 1953, Robinson had 109 runs, a .329 batting average, and 17 steals,[162] leading the Dodgers to another National League pennant (and another World Series loss to the Yankees, this time in six games). Robinson’s continued success spawned a string of death threats.[191] He was not dissuaded, however, from addressing racial issues publicly. That year, he served as editor for Our Sports magazine, a periodical focusing on Negro sports issues; contributions to the magazine included an article on golf course segregation by Robinson’s old friend Joe Louis.[192][193] Robinson also openly criticized segregated hotels and restaurants that served the Dodger organization; a number of these establishments integrated as a result, including the five-star Chase Park Hotel in St. Louis.[148][194]
World Championship and retirement (1954–1956)
In 1954, Robinson had 62 runs scored, a .311 batting average, and 7 steals. His best day at the plate was on June 17, when he hit two home runs and two doubles.[162][163] The following autumn, Robinson won his only championship when the Dodgers beat the New York Yankees in the 1955 World Series. Although the team enjoyed ultimate success, 1955 was the worst year of Robinson’s individual career. He hit .256 and stole only 12 bases. The Dodgers tried Robinson in the outfield and as a third baseman, both because of his diminishing abilities and because Gilliam was established at second base.[195] Robinson, then 36 years old,[196] missed 49 games and did not play in Game 7 of the World Series.[186] Robinson missed the game because manager Walter Alston decided to play Gilliam at second and Don Hoak at third base. That season, the Dodgers’ Don Newcombe became the first black major league pitcher to win twenty games in a year.[197]
In 1956, Robinson had 61 runs scored, a .275 batting average, and 12 steals.[162] By then, he had begun to exhibit the effects of diabetes and to lose interest in the prospect of playing or managing professional baseball.[190] Robinson ended his major league career when he struck out to end Game 7 of the 1956 World Series.[198] After the season, the Dodgers traded Robinson to the arch-rival New York Giants for Dick Littlefield and $35,000 cash (equal to $348,843 today). The trade, however, was never completed; unbeknownst to the Dodgers, Robinson had already agreed with the president of Chock full o’Nuts to quit baseball and become an executive with the company.[199] Since Robinson had sold exclusive rights to any retirement story to Look magazine two years previously,[199] his retirement decision was revealed through the magazine, instead of through the Dodgers organization.[200]
heritage
Robinson and his son David are interviewed during the March on Washington , August 28, 1963.
Robinson’s major league debut brought an end to approximately sixty years of segregation in professional baseball, known as the baseball color line.[136] After World War II, several other forces were also leading the country toward increased equality for blacks, including their accelerated migration to the North, where their political clout grew, and President Harry Truman’s desegregation of the military in 1948.[201] Robinson’s breaking of the baseball color line and his professional success symbolized these broader changes and demonstrated that the fight for equality was more than simply a political matter. Civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King Jr. said that he was “a legend and a symbol in his own time”, and that he “challenged the dark skies of intolerance and frustration.”[202] According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, Robinson’s “efforts were a monumental step in the civil-rights revolution in America … [His] accomplishments allowed black and white Americans to be more respectful and open to one another and more appreciative of everyone’s abilities.”[203]
Beginning his major league career at the relatively advanced age of 28, he played only ten seasons from 1947 to 1956, all of them for the Brooklyn Dodgers.[204] During his career, the Dodgers played in six World Series, and Robinson himself played in six All-Star Games.[7] In 1999, he was posthumously named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.[205]
Robinson’s career is generally considered to mark the beginning of the post–”long ball” era in baseball, in which a reliance on raw power-hitting gave way to balanced offensive strategies that used footspeed to create runs through aggressive baserunning.[206] Robinson exhibited the combination of hitting ability and speed which exemplified the new era. He scored more than 100 runs in six of his ten seasons (averaging more than 110 runs from 1947 to 1953), had a .311 career batting average, a .409 career on-base percentage, a .474 slugging percentage, and substantially more walks than strikeouts (740 to 291).[162][204][207] Robinson was one of only two players during the span of 1947–56 to accumulate at least 125 steals while registering a slugging percentage over .425 (Minnie Miñoso was the other).[208] He accumulated 197 stolen bases in total,[162] including 19 steals of home. None of the latter were double steals (in which a player stealing home is assisted by a player stealing another base at the same time).[209] Robinson has been referred to by author David Falkner as “the father of modern base-stealing”.[210]
I’m not concerned with your liking or disliking me … all I ask is that you respect me as a human being. —Robinson, on his legacy[153]
Historical statistical analysis indicates Robinson was an outstanding fielder throughout his ten years in the major leagues and at virtually every position he played.[211] After playing his rookie season at first base,[93] Robinson spent most of his career as a second baseman.[212] He led the league in fielding among second basemen in 1950 and 1951.[213][214] Toward the end of his career, he played about 2,000 innings at third base and about 1,175 innings in the outfield, excelling at both.[211]
Assessing himself, Robinson said, “I’m not concerned with your liking or disliking me … all I ask is that you respect me as a human being.”[153] Regarding Robinson’s qualities on the field, Leo Durocher said, “Ya want a guy that comes to play. This guy didn’t just come to play. He come to beat ya. He come to stuff the goddamn bat right up your ass.”[215]
Portrayals on stage, film and television
The Jackie Robinson Story Depiction of Robinson in lobby card for the 1950 film
Robinson portrayed himself in the 1950 motion picture The Jackie Robinson Story.[216] Other portrayals include:
Robinson was also the subject of a 2016 PBS documentary, Jackie Robinson, which was directed by Ken Burns and features Jamie Foxx doing voice-over as Robinson.[229]
Post-baseball life
Robinson once told future Hall of Fame inductee Hank Aaron that “the game of baseball is great, but the greatest thing is what you do after your career is over.”[230] Robinson retired from baseball at age 37 on January 5, 1957.[231] Later that year, after he complained of numerous physical ailments, he was diagnosed with diabetes, a disease that also afflicted his brothers.[232] Although Robinson adopted an insulin injection regimen, the state of medicine at the time could not prevent the continued deterioration of Robinson’s physical condition from the disease.[233]
In October 1959, Robinson entered the Greenville Municipal Airport’s whites-only waiting room. Airport police asked Robinson to leave, but he refused. At a National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) speech in Greenville, South Carolina, Robinson urged “complete freedom” and encouraged black citizens to vote and to protest their second-class citizenship. The following January, approximately 1,000 people marched on New Year’s Day to the airport,[234][235] which was desegregated shortly thereafter.[236]
In his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962,[73] Robinson encouraged voters to consider only his on-field qualifications, rather than his cultural impact on the game.[237] He was elected on the first ballot, becoming the first black player inducted into the Cooperstown museum.[23]
Robinson as an ABC sports announcer, 1965
In 1965, Robinson served as an analyst for ABC’s Major League Baseball Game of the Week telecasts, the first black person to do so.[238] In 1966, Robinson was hired as general manager for the short-lived Brooklyn Dodgers of the Continental Football League.[239][240] In 1972, he served as a part-time commentator on Montreal Expos telecasts.[241]
On June 4, 1972, the Dodgers retired his uniform number, 42, alongside those of Roy Campanella (39) and Sandy Koufax (32).[242] From 1957 to 1964, Robinson was the vice president for personnel at Chock full o’Nuts; he was the first black person to serve as vice president of a major American corporation.[23][243] Robinson always considered his business career as advancing the cause of black people in commerce and industry.[244] Robinson also chaired the NAACP’s million-dollar Freedom Fund Drive in 1957, and served on the organization’s board until 1967.[243] In 1964, he helped found, with Harlem businessman Dunbar McLaurin, Freedom National Bank—a black-owned and operated commercial bank based in Harlem.[243] He also served as the bank’s first chairman of the board.[245] In 1970, Robinson established the Jackie Robinson Construction Company to build housing for low-income families.[243][246]
Robinson was active in politics throughout his post-baseball life. He identified himself as a political independent,[247][248] although he held conservative opinions on several issues, including the Vietnam War (he once wrote to Martin Luther King Jr. to defend the Johnson Administration’s military policy).[249] After supporting Richard Nixon in his 1960 presidential race against John F. Kennedy, Robinson later praised Kennedy effusively for his stance on civil rights.[250] Robinson was angered by the 1964 presidential election candidacy of conservative Republican Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona, who had opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[251] He became one of six national directors for Nelson Rockefeller’s unsuccessful campaign to be nominated as the Republican candidate for the election.[243] After the party nominated Goldwater instead, Robinson left the party’s convention commenting that he now had “a better understanding of how it must have felt to be a Jew in Hitler’s Germany”.[252] He later became special assistant for community affairs when Rockefeller was re-elected governor of New York in 1966 and in 1971 was appointed to the New York State Athletic Commission by Rockefeller.[243][253] In 1968 he broke with the Republican party and supported Hubert Humphrey against Nixon in that year’s presidential election.[200]
The Torch of Friendship promo[254] A still from a color movie featuring Robinson in the 1960s inpromo
Robinson protested against the major leagues’ ongoing lack of minority managers and central office personnel, and he turned down an invitation to appear in an old-timers’ game at Yankee Stadium in 1969.[255] He made his final public appearance on October 15, 1972, nine days before his death,[256] throwing the ceremonial first pitch before Game 2 of the World Series at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati. He gratefully accepted a plaque honoring the twenty-fifth anniversary of his MLB debut, but also commented, “I’m going to be tremendously more pleased and more proud when I look at that third base coaching line one day and see a black face managing in baseball.”[257][258] This wish was only fulfilled after Robinson’s death: following the 1974 season, the Cleveland Indians gave their managerial post to Frank Robinson (no relation to Jackie), a Hall of Fame-bound player who would go on to manage three other teams. Despite the success of these two Robinsons and other black players, the number of African-American players in Major League Baseball has declined since the 1970s.[259][260]
Family life and death
After Robinson’s retirement from baseball, his wife Rachel Robinson pursued a career in academic nursing. She became an assistant professor at the Yale School of Nursing and director of nursing at the Connecticut Mental Health Center.[261] She also served on the board of the Freedom National Bank until it closed in 1990.[262] She and Jackie had three children: Jackie Robinson Jr. (1946–1971), Sharon Robinson (b. 1950), and David Robinson (b. 1952).[263]
Robinson’s family gravesite in Cypress Hills Cemetery . Robinson is buried alongside his mother-in-law Zellee Isum and his son Jackie Robinson Jr.
Robinson’s eldest son, Jackie Robinson Jr., had emotional trouble during his childhood and entered special education at an early age.[264] He enlisted in the Army in search of a disciplined environment, served in the Vietnam War, and was wounded in action on November 19, 1965.[265] After his discharge, he struggled with drug problems. Robinson Jr. eventually completed the treatment program at Daytop Village in Seymour, Connecticut, and became a counselor at the institution.[266] On June 17, 1971, he was killed in an automobile accident at age 24.[267][268] The experience with his son’s drug addiction turned Robinson Sr. into an avid anti-drug crusader toward the end of his life.[269]
Robinson did not long outlive his son. In 1968, he suffered a heart attack. Complications from heart disease and diabetes weakened Robinson and made him almost blind by middle age. On October 24, 1972, Robinson died of a heart attack at his home on 95 Cascade Road in North Stamford, Connecticut; he was 53 years old.[93][267] Robinson’s funeral service on October 27, 1972, at Upper Manhattan’s Riverside Church in Morningside Heights, attracted 2,500 mourners.[270][271] Many of his former teammates and other famous baseball players served as pallbearers, and the Rev. Jesse Jackson gave the eulogy.[270] Tens of thousands of people lined the subsequent procession route to Robinson’s interment site at Cypress Hills Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York, where he was buried next to his son Jackie and mother-in-law Zellee Isum.[270] Twenty-five years after Robinson’s death, the Interboro Parkway was renamed the Jackie Robinson Parkway in his memory. This parkway bisects the cemetery in close proximity to Robinson’s gravesite.[272]
After Robinson’s death, his widow founded the Jackie Robinson Foundation, and she remains an officer as of 2021.[273] On April 15, 2008, she announced that in 2010 the foundation would open a museum devoted to Jackie in Lower Manhattan.[274] Robinson’s daughter, Sharon, became a midwife, educator, director of educational programming for MLB, and the author of two books about her father.[275] His youngest son, David, who has ten children, is a coffee grower and social activist in Tanzania.[276][277][278]
Awards and recognition
The number 42 worn by Robinson on a plaque at Monument Park (left), and Jackie Robinson Rotunda inside Citi Field (right)
According to a poll conducted in 1947, Robinson was the second most popular man in the country, behind Bing Crosby.[279] In 1999, he was named by Time on its list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.[280] Also in 1999, he ranked number 44 on the Sporting News list of Baseball’s 100 Greatest Players[281] and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team as the top vote-getter among second basemen.[282] Baseball writer Bill James, in The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, ranked Robinson as the 32nd greatest player of all time strictly on the basis of his performance on the field, noting that he was one of the top players in the league throughout his career.[283] Robinson was among the 25 charter members of UCLA’s Athletics Hall of Fame in 1984.[48] In 2002, Molefi Kete Asante included Robinson on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[284] Robinson has also been honored by the United States Postal Service on three separate postage stamps, in 1982, 1999, and 2000.[285]
The City of Pasadena has recognized Robinson with a baseball diamond and stadium named Jackie Robinson Field in Brookside Park next to the Rose Bowl,[286] and with the Jackie Robinson Center (a community outreach center providing health services).[287] In 1997, a $325,000 bronze sculpture (equal to $548,606 today) by artists Ralph Helmick, Stu Schecter, and John Outterbridge depicting oversized nine-foot busts of Robinson and his brother Mack was erected at Garfield Avenue, across from the main entrance of Pasadena City Hall; a granite footprint lists multiple donors to the commission project, which was organized by the Robinson Memorial Foundation and supported by members of the Robinson family.[288][289]
Major League Baseball has honored Robinson many times since his death. In 1987, both the National and American League Rookie of the Year Awards were renamed the “Jackie Robinson Award” in honor of the first recipient (Robinson’s Major League Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 encompassed both leagues).[290][291] On April 15, 1997, Robinson’s jersey number, 42, was retired throughout Major League Baseball, the first time any jersey number had been retired throughout one of the four major American sports leagues. Under the terms of the retirement, a grandfather clause allowed the handful of players who wore number 42 to continue doing so in tribute to Robinson, until such time as they subsequently changed teams or jersey numbers.[292] This affected players such as the Mets’ Butch Huskey and Boston’s Mo Vaughn. The Yankees’ Mariano Rivera, who retired at the end of the 2013 season,[293][294] was the last player in Major League Baseball to wear jersey number 42 on a regular basis. Since 1997, only Wayne Gretzky’s number 99, retired by the NHL in 2000, has been retired league-wide in any of the four major sports.[295] There have also been calls for MLB to retire number 21 league-wide in honor of Roberto Clemente, a sentiment opposed by the Robinson family.[296]
As an exception to the retired-number policy, MLB began honoring Robinson by allowing players to wear number 42 on April 15, Jackie Robinson Day, which is an annual observance that started in 2004.[297][298] For the 60th anniversary of Robinson’s major league debut, MLB invited players to wear the number 42 on Jackie Robinson Day in 2007.[297] The gesture was originally the idea of outfielder Ken Griffey Jr., who sought Rachel Robinson’s permission to wear the number.[299] After Griffey received her permission, Commissioner Bud Selig not only allowed Griffey to wear the number, but also extended an invitation to all major league teams to do the same.[300] Ultimately, more than 200 players wore number 42, including the entire rosters of the Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets, Houston Astros, Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, Milwaukee Brewers, and Pittsburgh Pirates.[297] The tribute was continued in 2008, when, during games on April 15, all members of the Mets, Cardinals, Washington Nationals, and Tampa Bay Rays wore Robinson’s number 42.[301][302] On June 25, 2008, MLB installed a new plaque for Robinson at the Baseball Hall of Fame commemorating his off-the-field impact on the game as well as his playing statistics.[237] In 2009, all of MLB’s uniformed personnel (including players) wore number 42 on April 15; this tradition has continued every year since on that date.[303]
Planned home of the Jackie Robinson Museum and Learning Center
At the November 2006 groundbreaking for Citi Field, the new ballpark for the New York Mets, it was announced that the main entrance, modeled on the one in Brooklyn’s old Ebbets Field, would be called the Jackie Robinson Rotunda. The rotunda was dedicated at the opening of Citi Field on April 16, 2009.[304] It honors Robinson with large quotations spanning the inner curve of the facade and features a large freestanding statue of his number, 42, which has become an attraction in itself. Mets owner Fred Wilpon announced that the Mets—in conjunction with Citigroup and the Jackie Robinson Foundation—will create a Jackie Robinson Museum and Learning Center, located at the headquarters of the Jackie Robinson Foundation at One Hudson Square, along Canal Street in lower Manhattan. Along with the museum, scholarships will be awarded to “young people who live by and embody Jackie’s ideals.”[305][306][307] The museum hopes to open by 2020.[308] At Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, a statue of Robinson was introduced in 2017.[309] The New York Yankees honor Robinson with a plaque in Monument Park.[310]
Since 2004, the Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year has been presented the “Jackie Robinson Award”.[311]
Robinson has also been recognized outside of baseball. In December 1956, the NAACP recognized him with the Spingarn Medal, which it awards annually for the highest achievement by an African-American.[243] President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on March 26, 1984,[312] and on March 2, 2005, President George W. Bush gave Robinson’s widow the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress; Robinson was only the second baseball player to receive the award, after Roberto Clemente.[313] On August 20, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife, Maria Shriver, announced that Robinson was inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts in Sacramento.[314]
A number of buildings have been named in Robinson’s honor. The UCLA Bruins baseball team plays in Jackie Robinson Stadium,[315] which, because of the efforts of Jackie’s brother Mack, features a memorial statue of Robinson by sculptor Richard H. Ellis.[316] The stadium also unveiled a new mural of Robinson by Mike Sullivan on April 14, 2013. City Island Ballpark in Daytona Beach, Florida was renamed Jackie Robinson Ballpark in 1990 and a statue of Robinson with two children stands in front of the ballpark. His wife Rachel was present for the dedication on September 15. 1990.[317][318] A number of facilities at Pasadena City College (successor to PJC) are named in Robinson’s honor, including Robinson Field, a football/soccer/track facility named jointly for Robinson and his brother Mack.[319] The New York Public School system has named a middle school after Robinson,[320] and Dorsey High School plays at a Los Angeles football stadium named after him.[321] His home in Brooklyn, the Jackie Robinson House, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976,[322] and Brooklyn residents sought to turn his home into a city landmark.[323] In 1978, Colonial Park in Harlem was renamed after Robinson.[324][325] Robinson also has an asteroid named after him, 4319 Jackierobinson.[326] In 1997, the United States Mint issued a Jackie Robinson commemorative silver dollar, and five-dollar gold coin.[327] That same year, New York City renamed the Interboro Parkway in his honor.[328] A statue of Robinson at Journal Square Transportation Center in Jersey City, New Jersey, was dedicated in 1998.[329]
In 2011, the U.S. placed a plaque at Robinson’s Montreal home to honor the ending of segregation in baseball.[330] The house, at 8232 avenue de Gaspé near Jarry Park, was Robinson’s residence when he played for the Montreal Royals during 1946. In a letter read during the ceremony, Rachel Robinson, Jackie’s widow, wrote: “I remember Montreal and that house very well and have always had warm feeling for that great city. Before Jack and I moved to Montreal, we had just been through some very rough treatment in the racially biased South during spring training in Florida. In the end, Montreal was the perfect place for him to get his start. We never had a threatening or unpleasant experience there. The people were so welcoming and saw Jack as a player and as a man.”[331]
On November 22, 2014, UCLA announced that it would officially retire the number 42 across all university sports, effective immediately. While Robinson wore several different numbers during his UCLA career, the school chose 42 because it had become indelibly identified with him.[332] The only sport this did not affect was men’s basketball, which had previously retired the number for Walt Hazzard (although Kevin Love was actually the last player in that sport to wear 42, with Hazzard’s blessing).[333][334][335][336] In a move paralleling that of MLB when it retired the number, UCLA allowed three athletes (in women’s soccer, softball, and football) who were already wearing 42 to continue to do so for the remainder of their UCLA careers. The school also announced it would prominently display the number at all of its athletic venues.[332]
A jersey that Robinson brought home with him after his rookie season ended in 1947 was sold at an auction for $2.05 million on November 19, 2017. The price was the highest ever paid for a post-World War II jersey.[337]
See also
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